Cervical Cancer | Mate pukupuku waha kōpū

Cervical cancer occurs in the cells of the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is mainly caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). 

Symptoms of cervical cancer

Early-stage cervical cancer generally produces no symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:

• Unusual vaginal bleeding, after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause.
• Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and have a foul odour.
• Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse.
• Painful urination, frequent urination or blood in the urine.
• Lower back pain or leg swelling (rare in early stages but more common as the cancer progresses).

Risk factors

Risk factors for cervical cancer include:

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the most significant risk factor.
• Multiple sexual partners, this increases the risk of HPV infection.
• Early sexual activity, starting sex at a younger age.
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs); such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and HIV/AIDS.
• Weakened immune system; such as from HIV/AIDS or certain immunosuppressive medications.
• Smoking, linked to squamous cell cervical cancer.
• Long-term use of birth control pills
• Family history of cervical cancer

Diagnosis

To diagnose cervical cancer, a healthcare professional will:

• HPV test (formerly Pap or cervical smear): To detect precancerous or cancerous cells on the cervix
• HPV DNA test: To check the presence of high-risk HPV types
• Colposcopy: An examination using a magnifying instrument to look closely at the cervix
• Biopsy: Removing a small sample of cervical tissue for laboratory testing
• Imaging tests: Such as X-rays, CT scans, MRI, PET scans to determine the extent of cancer

When to see a doctor

• If you have abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
• If you experience pelvic pain not related to your menstrual cycle
• If you have any of the symptoms associated with cervical cancer or if you're due for routine screening

Treatment Options

Medical treatments:

All cancers are classified by how far they have progressed or the stage that the cancer has reached. The higher the stage, the further the cancer has spread. There are a few treatment options for cervical cancer, depending on how far the cancer has spread, age and what other health conditions a person has.

• Surgery: Includes procedures like cone biopsy (removal of a cone-shaped section of abnormal tissue), hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), or radical hysterectomy (removal of the uterus, part of the vagina, and lymph nodes)
• Radiotherapy: Uses high-energy X-rays to destroy cancer cells. It can be used alone or with surgery
• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells, and is sometimes used before surgery and sometimes after surgery

Self-care and support:

• Routine screenings: Cervical screening is recommended every 5 years for most people (or 3-yearly if you are immune deficient). In some circumstances, you may need to have a test more often. Your healthcare provider will discuss this with you if you do.
• HPV vaccination: To protect against high-risk HPV types.
• Healthy lifestyle choices: Avoid smoking, eat a healthy diet, and maintain a regular exercise routine.
• Support groups: Join cervical cancer support groups for emotional backing and shared experiences.
• Follow-up care: Regular check-ups post-treatment to ensure cancer has not returned and to manage any side effects of treatment. Your healthcare provider will discuss this with you based on your diagnosis and treatment plan.

Conclusion:

Together, screening and immunisation offer the most effective protection against cervical cancer. Cervical cancer can be cured if identified and treated early. Understanding the symptoms, risk factors, and treatment options empowers women to take proactive steps in managing their health. If you have concerns or symptoms related to cervical cancer, consult your healthcare provider promptly.